EAAT转运家族的多种面孔,或“关闭“的控制器

 

概览

•    简介
•    谷氨酸和阴离子的转运  
•    EAATs的分布
•    产品
•    参考文献

 

简介

谷氨酸是大脑中最重要的兴奋型神经递质。许多不同的离子型和代谢型受体可介导其刺激信号到神经元。但是,在开关中,“关”信号和“开”信号一样重要。兴奋型氨基酸转运蛋白家族(EAATs)可通过将谷氨酸再循环回神经元和星形胶质细胞,迅速将谷氨酸从突触间隙和周围的细胞外空间中移除,从而协助终止谷氨酸的兴奋型信号。通过这种方式,EAATs可做到:
•    维持谷氨酸能信号的时间保真度。通过移除突触间隙中的谷氨酸,可以防止初始信号发出后突触后受体受到过度刺激,从而影响对下一个信号到达的检测。
•    维持信号的空间保真度,防止谷氨酸从已释放到的突触中“逃逸”,刺激非预期的突触外或突触谷氨酸受体
•    保护神经元免受细胞外空间过量谷氨酸的毒性作用。谷氨酸受体的激活加剧或延长会引发一系列神经毒性反应,最终导致神经元功能丧失和细胞死亡,这被称为兴奋性毒性

 

谷氨酸和阴离子的转运

EAATs作为同质转运体,可将一个K+离子转运出细胞,同时将一个谷氨酸神经递质/分子(天冬氨酸也可以运输)和三个Na+离子以及一个H+离子交换进细胞中 (Alleva et al., 2022),见图1(改编自Freidman et al., 2020)。这种转运依赖于钠离子的电化学梯度,并由细胞膜上EAATs的同三聚体或异三聚体来促进(Kovermann et al., 2022)。


EAATs不仅仅是谷氨酸转运体,也是阴离子通道(Cl+),并在响应谷氨酸转运周期的转变中开放(Otis & Jahr, 1998)。

图 1: 谷氨酸和阴离子可通过 EAATs进行转运。

 

最近发表的数据表明,EAAT5,EAAT家族的一个视网膜特异性成员,不仅可作为谷氨酸进口商,也可以作为谷氨酸门控的Cl-通道,尤其在视锥光感受器中(Lukasiewcz et al., 2021)。


当谷氨酸被EAATs吸收到胶质细胞中时,会被转化为谷氨酰胺,随后被运输回突触前神经元,再转化为谷氨酸,并在VGLUTs的作用下被吸收到突触囊泡中。这一过程被命名为谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环(Andersen & Schousboe, 2023),见图2。

图 2: 谷氨酸能神经元和星形胶质细胞之间的谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环。


(1)谷氨酸(Glu)被释放并与亲离子受体和代谢型受体结合(AMPAR/GluAKainateR/GluKNMDAR/GluNmGluRs)。(2)谷氨酸主要被星形胶质细胞通过兴奋型氨基酸转运体 EAAT 1/2吸收,部分可被神经元通过 EAAT3吸收。(3)谷氨酸(Glu)由星形细胞谷氨酰胺合成酶转化为谷氨酰胺(Gln)。(4)突触惰性谷氨酰胺从星形胶质细胞转移到神经元。(5)谷氨酰胺(Gln)由线粒体glutaminase 谷氨酰胺酶1 (GLS1)转化回谷氨酸(Glu)。(6)谷氨酸通过囊泡谷氨酸转运蛋白(VGLUTs)转运到囊泡中,并为下一轮转运做准备。

 

EAATs的分布

EAAT家族目前由EAAT1至EAAT5五个成员组成,它们具有各自不同的谷氨酸摄取动力学和不同程度的氯离子渗透和分布(Todd & Harding, 2020),见表1。

表1:

蛋白

基因

分子质量(小鼠)

  Cl- 传导性

组织分布

EAAT1

SLC1A3

~ 60 kDa

星形胶质细胞 (在肺、脾、骨骼肌和睾丸中水平低)

EAAT2

SLC1A2

~ 62 kDa

主要在星形胶质细胞; 可调控大于90% 的中枢神经系统谷氨酸再摄取

EAAT3

SLC1A1

~57 kDa

所有神经元-位于树突和轴突末端,肾脏和胃肠道的上皮细胞(在肺、肾脏、骨骼肌和小肠中水平低)

EAAT4

SLC1A6

~61 kDa

小脑中的神经元(突触后、树突棘)

EAAT5

SLC1A7

~60 kDa

中枢神经系统:绝大多数在视网膜

       
 

EAAT1:

EAAT1也被称为GLAST-1,可在整个中枢神经系统中表达,并在小脑中星形胶质细胞和伯格曼胶质细胞中高度表达。在视网膜中,EAAT1在米勒细胞中表达。
强大的EAAT表达,特别是EAAT1,是一个广泛使用的成体神经干细胞(NSC)表型标记(Rieskamp et al., 2023)。
EAAT1,我们提供几种经敲除验证的抗体用于检测EAAT1。

Products EAAT1
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thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

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Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 103EAAT1, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
extracellular domain
WB 50 µgUS$380.00
250 113EAAT1, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
cytoplasmic domain
WB IP ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$380.00
250 114EAAT1, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserum
cytoplasmic domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
250 116EAAT1, chicken, polyclonal, IgY fractionIgY fraction
cytoplasmic domain
WB ICC IHC 200 µlUS$365.00
250-11PEAAT1, control peptidecontrol peptide
cytoplasmic domain
100 µgUS$110.00
250-1PEAAT1, control peptidecontrol peptide
extracellular domain
100 µgUS$110.00
Result count: 6
 
Indirect immunostaining of EAAT1 in mouse cerebellum of wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) animals with rabbit polyclonal anti-EAAT1

图3:使用兔多克隆抗-EAAT1(cat. no. 250 113, 稀释比例 1:5000; 红色)抗体,对野生型(WT)和敲除型(KO)小鼠小脑中的EAAT1进行间接免疫染色。在此感谢来自奥斯陆大学基础医学研究所解剖系的Yun Zhou和Niels Christian Danbolt友情提供图片。

图4:使用豚鼠抗EAAT1 (cat. no. 250 114, 稀释比例1:500; 红色)和兔抗小清蛋白(cat. no. 195 002, 稀释比例1:500; 绿色)抗体,对经PFA固定的小鼠小脑进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由DAPI染色可见为蓝色。

 

EAAT2:


EAAT2,也被称为GLT-1,是大脑中最丰富的EAATs。它主要位于星形细胞分支,可分别在小脑和海马中高度表达(Yeung et al., 2021)。最近,在几种神经退行性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、多发性硬化症和肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)中,Dahlmanns等人综述发现了EAAT2的减少。在这种情况下,值得注意的是,早老素1 (PS1), γ分泌酶的活性亚基,可直接与EAAT2相互作用并影响转运体的细胞表面定位(Perrin et al., 2024)。
对于检测EAAT2,我们可提供优良的、经敲除验证的兔和豚鼠多克隆抗体。此外,一种小鼠单克隆抗体在WB、ICC、IHC和FFPE (IHC- p)应用中显示出了优异的结果。

Products EAAT2
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thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

To ensure your request is handled efficiently, please use the provided input form to contact Massive Photonics directly.

With kind regards,
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Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 203EAAT2, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$385.00
250 204EAAT2, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserum K.O.
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
250 211EAAT2, mouse, monoclonal, purified IgG IgG
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µgUS$420.00
250-2PEAAT2, control peptidecontrol peptide
extracellular domain
100 µgUS$110.00
Result count: 4
 

图5:杂合子(+/-) 和敲除(-/-) 小鼠 (cat. no. 250 203, 稀释比例1:2000; 红色)新皮质中EAAT2的间接免疫染色。在此感谢来自奥斯陆大学基础医学研究所解剖系的Yun Zhou和Niels Christian Danbolt友情提供图片。

图6:使用抗-EAAT2 (cat. no. 250 204, 稀释比例1:500; 红色) 和小鼠抗-MAP2 (cat. no. 188 011, 稀释比例1:500; 绿色)抗体,对经PFA固定的大鼠海马神经元进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由DAPI染色可见为蓝色。

 

EAAT3:


EAAT3,也被称为EAAC1或SLC1A1,是大脑中的“神经元”谷氨酸转运蛋白,主要位于大脑皮层、海马体、纹状体和基底神经节的轴突末梢和树突(Escobar et al., 2019)。在Escobar等人综述中,最新的研究结果假设EAAT3表达与强迫症(OCD)之间存在联系。在中枢神经系统外,EAAT3也可在肺、小肠、骨骼肌、肾外髓、髓线和皮质中发现(Todd & Hardingham, 2020)。
在我们的系列产品中,我们提供2种优越的兔多克隆抗体。

Products EAAT3
Dear Customer,
thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

To ensure your request is handled efficiently, please use the provided input form to contact Massive Photonics directly.

With kind regards,
Your SYSY Antibodies Team


Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 303EAAT3, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity
currently not available
cytoplasmic domain
ICC IHC 50 µgUS$380.00
250 313EAAT3, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity
cytoplasmic domain
WB 50 µgUS$380.00
250-31PEAAT3, control peptidecontrol peptide
cytoplasmic domain
100 µgUS$110.00
Result count: 3
 

图7:使用兔多克隆抗-EAAT3 (cat. no. 250 313)抗体,对大鼠脑突触膜部分(LP1)中EAAT3进行免疫印迹。

图7:使用兔多克隆抗-EAAT3 (cat. no. 250 313)抗体,对大鼠脑突触膜部分(LP1)中EAAT3进行免疫印迹。

 

EAAT4:


EAAT4,也被称为SLC1A6,是一个主要的神经元谷氨酸进口商。它主要位于小脑的浦肯野细胞,在前脑和中脑的某些亚区有少量表达(Massie et al., 2008)。最近的数据显示,EAAT4的表达遵循与醛缩酶C(zebrin)表达相似的旁矢状带模式,形成具有高水平和低水平EAAT4的分子多样性浦肯野细胞微区(Malhotra et al., 2021)。与EAAT1和EAAT2相比,EAAT4的谷氨酸转运能力较低,因此有研究者假设EAAT4在生理上主要作为阴离子通道(Suslova et al., 2023)。
在我们的新系列产品中,现在有2种优秀的兔抗EAAT4多克隆抗体。

 

Products EAAT4
Dear Customer,
thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

To ensure your request is handled efficiently, please use the provided input form to contact Massive Photonics directly.

With kind regards,
Your SYSY Antibodies Team


Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 403EAAT4, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity WB 50 µgUS$385.00
250 413EAAT4, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$385.00
Result count: 2
 

图8:使用兔抗-EAAT4抗体 (cat. no. 250 413,稀释比例1:500,红色)和豚鼠抗-钙结合蛋白抗体(cat. no. 214 318,稀释比例1:500,绿色),对经甲醛固定的小鼠小脑(矢状面)进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由DAPI染色可见为蓝色。

图9:使用兔抗-EAAT4抗体 (cat. no. 250 413,稀释比例1:500,红色)和豚鼠抗-钙结合蛋白抗体(cat. no. 214 318,稀释比例1:500,绿色),对经甲醛固定的小鼠小脑(冠状面)进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由DAPI染色可见为蓝色。

 

EAAT5:


EAAT5蛋白,有时也被称为AAAT,主要存在于脊椎动物视网膜中,在那里它(与EAAT2一起)将谷氨酸转运到杆状细胞、锥体细胞和杆状双极细胞中。EAAT5转运蛋白聚集在突触带下方,位于突触前杆状细胞和锥体细胞的活跃区,完美的定位使得它可以捕捉到最近释放的谷氨酸。EAAT5的抑制表明该蛋白对视网膜中甘氨酸能无长突细胞(所有无长突细胞)的时间信号分辨率很重要(Tang et al., 2022)。在中枢神经系统外,EAAT5也在肝、肾、肠、心、肺和肌肉中表达。我们提供针对EAAT5的多克隆豚鼠经敲除验证的抗体。

Products EAAT5
Dear Customer,
thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

To ensure your request is handled efficiently, please use the provided input form to contact Massive Photonics directly.

With kind regards,
Your SYSY Antibodies Team


Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 504EAAT5, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserumIHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
Result count: 1
 

图10:对野生型(WT)和敲除型(KO)小鼠(cat. no. 250 504,稀释比例1:2000; red)视网膜中EAAT5进行间接免疫染色。根据(Gehlen et al. 2021),用4%甲醛浸泡固定组织,用1% SDS提取抗原。在此感谢来自德国于利希研究中心,分子和细胞生理学研究所,生物信息处理机构的Frank Müller和Christoph Aretzweiler-von Schwartzenberg友情提供图片。

图10:对野生型(WT)和敲除型(KO)小鼠(cat. no. 250 504,稀释比例1:2000; red)视网膜中EAAT5进行间接免疫染色。根据(Gehlen et al. 2021),用4%甲醛浸泡固定组织,用1% SDS提取抗原。在此感谢来自德国于利希研究中心,分子和细胞生理学研究所,生物信息处理机构的Frank Müller和Christoph Aretzweiler-von Schwartzenberg友情提供图片。

 

图11:使用豚鼠抗-EAAT5 抗体(cat. no. 250 504,稀释比例1:1000, DAB; 棕色),对经福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的小鼠回肠切片进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由苏木精染色可见为蓝色。

图11:使用豚鼠抗-EAAT5 抗体(cat. no. 250 504,稀释比例1:1000, DAB; 棕色),对经福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的小鼠回肠切片进行间接免疫染色。细胞核由苏木精染色可见为蓝色。

 

产品

Dear Customer,
thank you for your interest in our products. Our high-quality antibodies are featured in the DNA-PAINT Neuro-Imaging Kits, which are developed and distributed by Massive Photonics GmbH.

To ensure your request is handled efficiently, please use the provided input form to contact Massive Photonics directly.

With kind regards,
Your SYSY Antibodies Team


Cat. No. Product Description Application Quantity Price Cart
250 103EAAT1, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
extracellular domain
WB 50 µgUS$380.00
250 113EAAT1, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
cytoplasmic domain
WB IP ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$380.00
250 114EAAT1, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserum
cytoplasmic domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
250 116EAAT1, chicken, polyclonal, IgY fractionIgY fraction
cytoplasmic domain
WB ICC IHC 200 µlUS$365.00
250-11PEAAT1, control peptidecontrol peptide
cytoplasmic domain
100 µgUS$110.00
250-1PEAAT1, control peptidecontrol peptide
extracellular domain
100 µgUS$110.00
250 203EAAT2, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity K.O.
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$385.00
250 204EAAT2, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserum K.O.
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
250 211EAAT2, mouse, monoclonal, purified IgG IgG
extracellular domain
WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µgUS$420.00
250-2PEAAT2, control peptidecontrol peptide
extracellular domain
100 µgUS$110.00
250 303EAAT3, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity
currently not available
cytoplasmic domain
ICC IHC 50 µgUS$380.00
250 313EAAT3, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity
cytoplasmic domain
WB 50 µgUS$380.00
250-31PEAAT3, control peptidecontrol peptide
cytoplasmic domain
100 µgUS$110.00
250 403EAAT4, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity WB 50 µgUS$385.00
250 413EAAT4, rabbit, polyclonal, affinity purifiedaffinity WB ICC IHC IHC-P (FFPE) 50 µgUS$385.00
250 504EAAT5, Guinea pig, polyclonal, antiserumantiserumIHC IHC-P (FFPE) 100 µlUS$370.00
End of List
Result count: 16
 

作者:Dr. Carsten Schmidt

Carsten 具有深厚的神经科学背景,多年来一直从事阿尔茨海默病的研究工作。

 

参考文献

Alleva et al., 2022: Molecular Basis of Coupled Transport and Anion Conduction in Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters. PMID: 33587237

Andersen & Schousboe, 2023: Glial Glutamine Homeostasis in Health and Disease. PMID: 36322369

Dahlmanns et al., 2023: Glial Glutamate Transporter-Mediated Plasticity: System xc-/xCT/SLC7A11 and EAAT1/2 in Brain Diseases. PMID: 37005761

Escobar et al., 2019: The Neuronal Glutamate Transporter EAAT3 in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. PMID: 31803055

Freidman et al., 2020: Amino Acid Transporters and Exchangers from the SLC1A Family: Structure, Mechanism and Roles in Physiology and Cancer. PMID: 31981058

Kovermann et al., 2022: Cellular Physiology and Pathophysiology of EAAT Anion Channels. PMID: 35087380

Lukasiewcz et al., 2021: EAAT5 Glutamate Transporter-Mediated Inhibition in the Vertebrate Retina. PMID: 34025361

Malhotra et al., 2021: Climbing Fiber-Mediated Spillover Transmission to Interneurons Is Regulated by EAAT4. PMID: 34400517

Massie et al., 2008: High-affinity Na+/K+-dependent glutamate transporter EAAT4 is expressed throughout the rat fore- and midbrain. PMID: 18770868

Otis & Jahr, 1998: Anion currents and predicted glutamate flux through a neuronal glutamate transporter. PMID: 9736633

Perrin et al., 2024: Identification of PS1/gamma-secretase and glutamate transporter GLT-1 interaction site. PMID: 38499151

Rieskamp et al., 2023: Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 supports adult hippocampal neural stem cell self-renewal. PMID: 37534178

Suslova et al., 2023: Apo state pore opening as functional basis of increased EAAT anion channel activity in episodic ataxia 6. PMID: 37538371

Tang et al., 2022: Glutamate Transporters EAAT2 and EAAT5 Differentially Shape Synaptic Transmission from Rod Bipolar Cell Terminals. PMID: 35523583

Todd & Hardingham, 2020: The Regulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporters in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases. PMID: 33348528

Yeung et al., 2021: EAAT2 Expression in the Hippocampus, Subiculum, Entorhinal Cortex and Superior Temporal Gyrus in Alzheimer’s Disease. PMID: 34588956

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