CD39 antibody human specific - HS-493 117

CD39, also known as ENTPD1 (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase), is a cell surface ectoenzyme that catalyzes ATP and ADP into AMP, which is subsequently converted into adenosine by CD73 (NT5E, ecto-5′-nucleotidase). The balance between extracellular ATP and adenosine is crucial for immune homeostasis and is tightly controlled by enzymatic activity, with CD39 serving as the rate-limiting enzyme (1). CD39 is highly expressed on vascular and immune cell populations such as B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, monocytes, macrophages, mesangial cells, neutrophils and regulatory T cells (2). High CD39 expression has been found in numerous cancers, either on the tumor surface or in infiltrating immune cells. Targeting the CD39/CD73 pathway is currently explored as a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment (3). In the brain, CD39 is constitutively expressed by microglia, endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the vasculature and involved in microglial processes ramification (4) and blood-brain barrier function. Significant induction of CD39 protein in microglia has been demonstrated in several neuroinflammation models. CD39 up-regulation by reactive microglia is suggested to be associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype (5).