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m6A antibody - 202 111

N6-methyladenosine or m6A are posttranscritional modifications of RNA and DNA
Mouse monoclonal purified IgG
Cat. No.: 202 111
Amount: 100 µg
Price: $430.00
Cat. No. 202 111 100 µg purified IgG, lyophilized. Albumin and azide were added for stabilization. For reconstitution add 100 µl H2O to get a 1mg/ml solution in PBS. Then aliquot and store at -20°C to -80°C until use.
Antibodies should be stored at +4°C when still lyophilized. Do not freeze!
Applications
 
Dot blot: 1 : 1000 gallery  
IP: yes
ICC: not tested yet
IHC: not tested yet
IHC-P: not tested yet
ELISA: yes gallery  
MeRIP: yes

Immunodetection of target molecules spotted onto a membrane.

Immunoprecipitation (IP); Immunoisolation or pulldown of a target molecule using an antibody. For details and product specific hints, please refer to the ”Remarks” section.

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) on 4% PFA fixed cells. Immunoreactivity is usually revealed by fluorescence. Some antibodies require special fixation methods. For details, please refer to the “Remarks” section.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 4% PFA perfusion fixed tissue with 24h PFA post fixation. Immunoreactivity is usually revealed by fluorescence or a chromogenic substrate. Some antibodies require special fixation methods or antigen retrieval steps. For details, please refer to the ”Remarks” section.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue (some antibodies require special antigen retrieval steps, please refer to the ”Remarks” section). Immunoreactivity is usually revealed by fluorescence or a chromogenic substrate.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); a frequently employed method to quantify target-molecules in solution. The detection of some proteins requires special solubilization steps. For further information, please refer to the „Remarks“ section.

Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) sequencing is an antibody based m6A-mapping method, based on parallel sequencing of immunoisolated RNA fragments (100 -200 nt long) carrying m6A modifications.

Clone 212B11
Subtype IgG2b (κ light chain)
Immunogen N6-methyladenosine fused to BSA.
Reactivity Reacts with: human, rat, mouse, eukaryotes, prokaryotes.
Other species not tested yet.
Specificity Specific for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) with some cross-reactivity to m6Am.
Data sheet 202_111.pdf

References for m6A - 202 111

mRNA stability and m6A are major determinants of subcellular mRNA localization in neurons.
Loedige I, Baranovskii A, Mendonsa S, Dantsuji S, Popitsch N, Breimann L, Zerna N, Cherepanov V, Milek M, Ameres S, Chekulaeva M, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2709-2725.e10. 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: mouse
A Neuroligin-1 mutation associated with Alzheimer's disease produces memory and age-dependent impairments in hippocampal plasticity.
Arias-Aragón F, Tristán-Clavijo E, Martínez-Gallego I, Robles-Lanuza E, Coatl-Cuaya H, Martín-Cuevas C, Sánchez-Hidalgo AC, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Martinez-Mir A, Scholl FG
iScience (2023) 266: 106868. 202 111 Dot blot
Evaluation of N 6-methyldeoxyadenosine antibody-based genomic profiling in eukaryotes.
Debo BM, Mallory BJ, Stergachis AB
Genome research (2023) 333: 427-434. 202 111 Dot blot
A lncRNA from the FTO locus acts as a suppressor of the m6A writer complex and p53 tumor suppression signaling.
Zhang J, Wei J, Sun R, Sheng H, Yin K, Pan Y, Jimenez R, Chen S, Cui XL, Zou Z, Yue Z, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2692-2708.e7. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: mouse
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation mediated by methyltransferase complex subunit WTAP regulates amelogenesis.
Xie F, Zhu X, Liu X, Chen H, Wang J
The Journal of biological chemistry (2022) : 102715. 202 111 Dot blot
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection promotes enteric defensin expression via FOXO6-METTL3-m6A-GPR161 signalling axis.
Zong X, Wang H, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Lu Z
RNA biology (2020) : 1-11. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: pig
Direct RNA sequencing enables m6A detection in endogenous transcript isoforms at base specific resolution.
Lorenz DA, Sathe S, Einstein JM, Yeo GW
RNA (New York, N.Y.) (2019) : . 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: human
Epitranscriptomic m6A Regulation of Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Nervous System.
Weng YL, Wang X, An R, Cassin J, Vissers C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu T, Wang X, Wong SZH, Joseph J, et al.
Neuron (2018) 972: 313-325.e6. 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: mouse
Transcriptional Dysregulation in Postnatal Glutamatergic Progenitors Contributes to Closure of the Cortical Neurogenic Period.
Donega V, Marcy G, Lo Giudice Q, Zweifel S, Angonin D, Fiorelli R, Abrous DN, Rival-Gervier S, Koehl M, Jabaudon D, Raineteau O, et al.
Cell reports (2018) 2210: 2567-2574. 202 111 Dot blot
Temporal Control of Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by m6A Methylation.
Yoon KJ, Ringeling FR, Vissers C, Jacob F, Pokrass M, Jimenez-Cyrus D, Su Y, Kim NS, Zhu Y, Zheng L, Kim S, et al.
Cell (2017) 1714: 877-889.e17. 202 111 Dot blot
YTHDF1-mediated translation amplifies Wnt-driven intestinal stemness.
Han B, Yan S, Wei S, Xiang J, Liu K, Chen Z, Bai R, Sheng J, Xu Z, Gao X
EMBO reports (2020) : e49229. 202 111 IP; tested species: mouse
CCR7 Chemokine Receptor-Inducible lnc-Dpf3 Restrains Dendritic Cell Migration by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Mediated Glycolysis.
Liu J, Zhang X, Chen K, Cheng Y, Liu S, Xia M, Chen Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Cao X
Immunity (2019) 503: 600-615.e15. 202 111 IP; tested species: mouse
Proteolytically released Lasso/teneurin-2 induces axonal attraction by interacting with latrophilin-1 on axonal growth cones.
Vysokov NV, Silva JP, Lelianova VG, Suckling J, Cassidy J, Blackburn JK, Yankova N, Djamgoz MB, Kozlov SV, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA, et al.
eLife (2018) 7: . 202 111 IP
Identification of Methylated Deoxyadenosines in Genomic DNA by dA6m DNA Immunoprecipitation.
Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa AS, Frezza C
Bio-protocol (2016) 621: . 202 111 IP
N6-Adenosine Methylation in RNA and a Reduced m3G/TMG Level in Non-Coding RNAs Appear at Microirradiation-Induced DNA Lesions.
Svobodová Kovaříková A, Stixová L, Kovařík A, Komůrková D, Legartová S, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E
Cells (2020) 92: . 202 111 ICC; tested species: mouse
Light-induced LLPS of the CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 complex regulating mRNA methylation and chlorophyll homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Jiang B, Zhong Z, Gu L, Zhang X, Wei J, Ye C, Lin G, Qu G, Xiang X, Wen C, Gateas M, et al.
Nature plants (2023) : . 202 111 ELISA
N6-Methyladenosine Promotes TNF mRNA Degradation In CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
van Vroonhoven ECN, Picavet LW, Scholman RC, Sijbers LJPM, Kievit CRE, van den Dungen NAM, Mokry M, Evers A, Lebbink RJ, Mocholi E, Coffer PJ, et al.
Journal of leukocyte biology (2024) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Identification and comparison of m6A modifications in glioblastoma non-coding RNAs with MeRIP-seq and Nanopore dRNA-seq.
Krusnauskas R, Stakaitis R, Steponaitis G, Almstrup K, Vaitkiene P
Epigenetics (2023) : 1-14. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
A lncRNA from the FTO locus acts as a suppressor of the m6A writer complex and p53 tumor suppression signaling.
Zhang J, Wei J, Sun R, Sheng H, Yin K, Pan Y, Jimenez R, Chen S, Cui XL, Zou Z, Yue Z, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2692-2708.e7. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: mouse
Downregulation of Fat Mass and Obesity-Related Protein in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Participates in Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Neuropathic Pain.
Wang XL, Wei X, Yuan JJ, Mao YY, Wang ZY, Xing N, Gu HW, Lin CH, Wang WT, Zhang W, Xing F, et al.
Frontiers in cellular neuroscience (2022) 16: 884296. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: mouse
Localization of METTL16 at the Nuclear Periphery and the Nucleolus Is Cell Cycle-Specific and METTL16 Interacts with Several Nucleolar Proteins.
Stixová L, Komůrková D, Svobodová Kovaříková A, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E
Life (Basel, Switzerland) (2021) 117: . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: mouse
HBV/Pregenomic RNA Increases the Stemness and Promotes the Development of HBV-Related HCC Through Reciprocal Regulation With Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 3.
Ding WB, Wang MC, Yu J, Huang G, Sun DP, Liu L, Zhang JN, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhou WP, Yang F, et al.
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) (2021) 743: 1480-1495. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection promotes enteric defensin expression via FOXO6-METTL3-m6A-GPR161 signalling axis.
Zong X, Wang H, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Lu Z
RNA biology (2020) : 1-11. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: pig
NOseq: amplicon sequencing evaluation method for RNA m6A sites after chemical deamination.
Werner S, Galliot A, Pichot F, Kemmer T, Marchand V, Sednev MV, Lence T, Roignant JY, König J, Höbartner C, Motorin Y, et al.
Nucleic acids research (2020) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human,drosophila
Atlas of quantitative single-base-resolution N6-methyl-adenine methylomes.
Koh CWQ, Goh YT, Goh WSS
Nature communications (2019) 101: 5636. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
The SMAD2/3 interactome reveals that TGFβ controls m6A mRNA methylation in pluripotency.
Bertero A, Brown S, Madrigal P, Osnato A, Ortmann D, Yiangou L, Kadiwala J, Hubner NC, de Los Mozos IR, Sadée C, Lenaerts AS, et al.
Nature (2018) 5557695: 256-259. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Human ALKBH3-induced m1A demethylation increases the CSF-1 mRNA stability in breast and ovarian cancer cells.
Woo HH, Chambers SK
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms (2018) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Determination of enrichment factors for modified RNA in MeRIP experiments.
Slama K, Galliot A, Weichmann F, Hertler J, Feederle R, Meister G, Helm M
Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2018) : . 202 111 MeRIP
Human METTL16 is a N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase that targets pre-mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs.
Warda AS, Kretschmer J, Hackert P, Lenz C, Urlaub H, Höbartner C, Sloan KE, Bohnsack MT
EMBO reports (2017) 1811: 2004-2014. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Epitranscriptomic Enhancement of Influenza A Virus Gene Expression and Replication.
Courtney DG, Kennedy EM, Dumm RE, Bogerd HP, Tsai K, Heaton NS, Cullen BR
Cell host & microbe (2017) 223: 377-386.e5. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
N6-Methyladenosine in Flaviviridae Viral RNA Genomes Regulates Infection.
Gokhale NS, McIntyre ABR, McFadden MJ, Roder AE, Kennedy EM, Gandara JA, Hopcraft SE, Quicke KM, Vazquez C, Willer J, Ilkayeva OR, et al.
Cell host & microbe (2016) 205: 654-665. 202 111 MeRIP
Identification of methylated deoxyadenosines in vertebrates reveals diversity in DNA modifications.
Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa ASH, Frezza C, Gurdon JB
Nature structural & molecular biology (2016) 231: 24-30. 202 111 MeRIP
Cat. No.: 202 111
Amount: 100 µg
Price: $430.00
mRNA stability and m6A are major determinants of subcellular mRNA localization in neurons.
Loedige I, Baranovskii A, Mendonsa S, Dantsuji S, Popitsch N, Breimann L, Zerna N, Cherepanov V, Milek M, Ameres S, Chekulaeva M, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2709-2725.e10. 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: mouse
A Neuroligin-1 mutation associated with Alzheimer's disease produces memory and age-dependent impairments in hippocampal plasticity.
Arias-Aragón F, Tristán-Clavijo E, Martínez-Gallego I, Robles-Lanuza E, Coatl-Cuaya H, Martín-Cuevas C, Sánchez-Hidalgo AC, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Martinez-Mir A, Scholl FG
iScience (2023) 266: 106868. 202 111 Dot blot
Evaluation of N 6-methyldeoxyadenosine antibody-based genomic profiling in eukaryotes.
Debo BM, Mallory BJ, Stergachis AB
Genome research (2023) 333: 427-434. 202 111 Dot blot
A lncRNA from the FTO locus acts as a suppressor of the m6A writer complex and p53 tumor suppression signaling.
Zhang J, Wei J, Sun R, Sheng H, Yin K, Pan Y, Jimenez R, Chen S, Cui XL, Zou Z, Yue Z, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2692-2708.e7. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: mouse
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation mediated by methyltransferase complex subunit WTAP regulates amelogenesis.
Xie F, Zhu X, Liu X, Chen H, Wang J
The Journal of biological chemistry (2022) : 102715. 202 111 Dot blot
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection promotes enteric defensin expression via FOXO6-METTL3-m6A-GPR161 signalling axis.
Zong X, Wang H, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Lu Z
RNA biology (2020) : 1-11. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: pig
Direct RNA sequencing enables m6A detection in endogenous transcript isoforms at base specific resolution.
Lorenz DA, Sathe S, Einstein JM, Yeo GW
RNA (New York, N.Y.) (2019) : . 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: human
Epitranscriptomic m6A Regulation of Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Nervous System.
Weng YL, Wang X, An R, Cassin J, Vissers C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu T, Wang X, Wong SZH, Joseph J, et al.
Neuron (2018) 972: 313-325.e6. 202 111 Dot blot; tested species: mouse
Transcriptional Dysregulation in Postnatal Glutamatergic Progenitors Contributes to Closure of the Cortical Neurogenic Period.
Donega V, Marcy G, Lo Giudice Q, Zweifel S, Angonin D, Fiorelli R, Abrous DN, Rival-Gervier S, Koehl M, Jabaudon D, Raineteau O, et al.
Cell reports (2018) 2210: 2567-2574. 202 111 Dot blot
Temporal Control of Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by m6A Methylation.
Yoon KJ, Ringeling FR, Vissers C, Jacob F, Pokrass M, Jimenez-Cyrus D, Su Y, Kim NS, Zhu Y, Zheng L, Kim S, et al.
Cell (2017) 1714: 877-889.e17. 202 111 Dot blot
YTHDF1-mediated translation amplifies Wnt-driven intestinal stemness.
Han B, Yan S, Wei S, Xiang J, Liu K, Chen Z, Bai R, Sheng J, Xu Z, Gao X
EMBO reports (2020) : e49229. 202 111 IP; tested species: mouse
CCR7 Chemokine Receptor-Inducible lnc-Dpf3 Restrains Dendritic Cell Migration by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Mediated Glycolysis.
Liu J, Zhang X, Chen K, Cheng Y, Liu S, Xia M, Chen Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Cao X
Immunity (2019) 503: 600-615.e15. 202 111 IP; tested species: mouse
Proteolytically released Lasso/teneurin-2 induces axonal attraction by interacting with latrophilin-1 on axonal growth cones.
Vysokov NV, Silva JP, Lelianova VG, Suckling J, Cassidy J, Blackburn JK, Yankova N, Djamgoz MB, Kozlov SV, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA, et al.
eLife (2018) 7: . 202 111 IP
Identification of Methylated Deoxyadenosines in Genomic DNA by dA6m DNA Immunoprecipitation.
Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa AS, Frezza C
Bio-protocol (2016) 621: . 202 111 IP
N6-Adenosine Methylation in RNA and a Reduced m3G/TMG Level in Non-Coding RNAs Appear at Microirradiation-Induced DNA Lesions.
Svobodová Kovaříková A, Stixová L, Kovařík A, Komůrková D, Legartová S, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E
Cells (2020) 92: . 202 111 ICC; tested species: mouse
Light-induced LLPS of the CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 complex regulating mRNA methylation and chlorophyll homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Jiang B, Zhong Z, Gu L, Zhang X, Wei J, Ye C, Lin G, Qu G, Xiang X, Wen C, Gateas M, et al.
Nature plants (2023) : . 202 111 ELISA
N6-Methyladenosine Promotes TNF mRNA Degradation In CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
van Vroonhoven ECN, Picavet LW, Scholman RC, Sijbers LJPM, Kievit CRE, van den Dungen NAM, Mokry M, Evers A, Lebbink RJ, Mocholi E, Coffer PJ, et al.
Journal of leukocyte biology (2024) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Identification and comparison of m6A modifications in glioblastoma non-coding RNAs with MeRIP-seq and Nanopore dRNA-seq.
Krusnauskas R, Stakaitis R, Steponaitis G, Almstrup K, Vaitkiene P
Epigenetics (2023) : 1-14. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
A lncRNA from the FTO locus acts as a suppressor of the m6A writer complex and p53 tumor suppression signaling.
Zhang J, Wei J, Sun R, Sheng H, Yin K, Pan Y, Jimenez R, Chen S, Cui XL, Zou Z, Yue Z, et al.
Molecular cell (2023) 8315: 2692-2708.e7. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: mouse
Downregulation of Fat Mass and Obesity-Related Protein in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Participates in Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Neuropathic Pain.
Wang XL, Wei X, Yuan JJ, Mao YY, Wang ZY, Xing N, Gu HW, Lin CH, Wang WT, Zhang W, Xing F, et al.
Frontiers in cellular neuroscience (2022) 16: 884296. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: mouse
Localization of METTL16 at the Nuclear Periphery and the Nucleolus Is Cell Cycle-Specific and METTL16 Interacts with Several Nucleolar Proteins.
Stixová L, Komůrková D, Svobodová Kovaříková A, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E
Life (Basel, Switzerland) (2021) 117: . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: mouse
HBV/Pregenomic RNA Increases the Stemness and Promotes the Development of HBV-Related HCC Through Reciprocal Regulation With Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 3.
Ding WB, Wang MC, Yu J, Huang G, Sun DP, Liu L, Zhang JN, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhou WP, Yang F, et al.
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) (2021) 743: 1480-1495. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection promotes enteric defensin expression via FOXO6-METTL3-m6A-GPR161 signalling axis.
Zong X, Wang H, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Lu Z
RNA biology (2020) : 1-11. 202 111 Dot blot, MeRIP; tested species: pig
NOseq: amplicon sequencing evaluation method for RNA m6A sites after chemical deamination.
Werner S, Galliot A, Pichot F, Kemmer T, Marchand V, Sednev MV, Lence T, Roignant JY, König J, Höbartner C, Motorin Y, et al.
Nucleic acids research (2020) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human,drosophila
Atlas of quantitative single-base-resolution N6-methyl-adenine methylomes.
Koh CWQ, Goh YT, Goh WSS
Nature communications (2019) 101: 5636. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
The SMAD2/3 interactome reveals that TGFβ controls m6A mRNA methylation in pluripotency.
Bertero A, Brown S, Madrigal P, Osnato A, Ortmann D, Yiangou L, Kadiwala J, Hubner NC, de Los Mozos IR, Sadée C, Lenaerts AS, et al.
Nature (2018) 5557695: 256-259. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Human ALKBH3-induced m1A demethylation increases the CSF-1 mRNA stability in breast and ovarian cancer cells.
Woo HH, Chambers SK
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms (2018) : . 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Determination of enrichment factors for modified RNA in MeRIP experiments.
Slama K, Galliot A, Weichmann F, Hertler J, Feederle R, Meister G, Helm M
Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2018) : . 202 111 MeRIP
Human METTL16 is a N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase that targets pre-mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs.
Warda AS, Kretschmer J, Hackert P, Lenz C, Urlaub H, Höbartner C, Sloan KE, Bohnsack MT
EMBO reports (2017) 1811: 2004-2014. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
Epitranscriptomic Enhancement of Influenza A Virus Gene Expression and Replication.
Courtney DG, Kennedy EM, Dumm RE, Bogerd HP, Tsai K, Heaton NS, Cullen BR
Cell host & microbe (2017) 223: 377-386.e5. 202 111 MeRIP; tested species: human
N6-Methyladenosine in Flaviviridae Viral RNA Genomes Regulates Infection.
Gokhale NS, McIntyre ABR, McFadden MJ, Roder AE, Kennedy EM, Gandara JA, Hopcraft SE, Quicke KM, Vazquez C, Willer J, Ilkayeva OR, et al.
Cell host & microbe (2016) 205: 654-665. 202 111 MeRIP
Identification of methylated deoxyadenosines in vertebrates reveals diversity in DNA modifications.
Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa ASH, Frezza C, Gurdon JB
Nature structural & molecular biology (2016) 231: 24-30. 202 111 MeRIP
Background
m6A (N6-methyladenosine) is a posttranscriptional RNA-modification found throughout all kingdoms, e.g. in vertebrate snRNAs U2, U4, U6, in viral and eukaryotic mRNAs, and in E. coli 16S rRNA.
Recent studies have found that mRNA is predominately m6A modified at stop codons and long internal exons, which are conserved between mouse and human. The so-called RNA methylome probably plays an important role in in the regulation of gene expression.
In E. coli Dam methylase introduces m6A modifications on the DNA level at the 5'-GATC-3' motif. This allows the cell to differentiate between the parental and the daughter strand during mismatch repair.